Toxins damage the colonic epithelium, initiating a cascade of cellular events that lead to inflammation, fluid secretion, and further tissue damage within the colon.

C. difficile causes diarrhea and colitis by releasing two high molecular weight protein exotoxins, toxin A and toxin B, with potent cytotoxic and enterotoxic properties.

Mar 9, 2019 · Toxin A (TcdA), toxin B (TcdB), and binary toxin (CDT) produced by Clostridium difficile (CD) are thought to play a key role in inducing diarrhea. The aim of this study was to …

Sep 12, 2018 · Clostridium difficile produces toxins in the gut which get into cells in the intestinal mucosal surface, disrupting their barrier function. Researchers have long known how these …

Oct 25, 2018 · The recently identified mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent an innate-like T cell subset with antibacterial properties that is highly abundant in the human …

C. difficile toxins act quickly on the intestinal epithelial cells, causing loss of tight junctions, cell detachment and necrosis in order to breach the protective mucosal barrier [Sun et al. 2009; …

Feb 18, 2021 · Clostridioides difficile spores produced during infection are important for the recurrence of the disease. Here, we show that C. difficile spores gain entry into the intestinal …

Feb 1, 2001 · C. difficile toxin A exerts its potent secretory and necroinflammatory responses in mammalian intestine by a separate neural pathway involving the activation of mucosal mast …

Jan 29, 2025 · Here, we show that TcdA/TcdB-intoxication of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells leads to remodeling of accessible levels of fibronectin (Fn) and vitronectin (Vn) and their …

We found that intraluminal toxin B, like equivalent concentrations of toxin A, induced intestinal epithelial cell damage, increased mucosal permeability, stimulated interleukin (IL)-8 synthesis, …